Was the differets between the night mare and night terraer

WAS THE DIFFERETS BETWEEN THE NIGHT MARE AND NIGHT TERRAER FULL

Objective assessments of sleep paralysis have been able to confirm that the eyes do open during episodes and that brain activity shifts from REM sleep activity to a combined state containing both REM sleep and wake-like features (see the section: Objective sleep measurements for full discussion of this work). Determining wakefulness is challenging however, especially when using subjective reports. One of the primary differences between sleep paralysis and other states such as dreaming and nightmares is the fact that the individual is awake during the experience. 12 Despite this not all episodes are fearful, with one survey finding that as many as 20% of those who experience sleep paralysis have had pleasant episodes. 11 Around 10% of those who experience sleep paralysis report that episodes lead to clinically significant levels of distress, and 7% report that sleep paralysis interferes with other aspects of their lives. 10 In a study comparing the contents of sleep paralysis and dream reports, sleep paralysis episodes were found to be emotionally uniform, feature more aggressive вЂњcharacters,вЂќ and the вЂњdreamerвЂќ was more frequently the victim of attacks compared with typical dreams. 8 This contrasts with ~30% of dreams being rated as frightening. The vast majority (up to 90%) of sleep paralysis episodes are associated with fear. However, dream and sleep paralysis imagery differ greatly from one another. It is possible that the hallucinatory content of sleep paralysis may result from the intrusion of REM-generated dream mentation into wakefulness. 8 The third category, vestibular-motor (V-M) hallucinations involve illusory feelings of movement, out-of-body feelings, and out-of-body autoscopy. These two categories of hallucinations typically co-occur. Incubus hallucinations describe a sense of pressure on the chest, often accompanied by sensations of being choked or suffocated. 8, 9 Intruder hallucinations consist of a sense of evil presence in the room, along with vivid multisensory hallucinations of a bedroom intruder. 7 These hallucinations typically fall into three categories. In addition to the ongoing muscle atonia, around 75% of sleep paralysis episodes are typically accompanied by a wide range of bizarre and often terrifying hallucinations. 4, 5 The state of sleep paralysis is thus believed to arise from an ongoing continuation of the REM-induced muscle paralysis into a waking state. 3 One likely reason for this muscle paralysis is to prevent unwanted and dangerous movements from occurring during dreaming, when the cerebral cortex including motor cortex is active. 2 This paralysis is a natural feature of normal REM sleep, possibly driven by GABA and glycine inhibition of motor neurons. Throughout periods of REM sleep, there is total muscle atonia (save the eyes and respiratory system). REM sleep is associated with vivid dreaming. 1 Sleep paralysis is most closely linked to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, as opposed to non-REM (NREM) sleep. Ocular and respiratory movements remain unaltered, and perception of the immediate environment is clear.

Sleep paralysis involves a period of time at either sleep onset or upon awakening from sleep during which voluntary muscle movements are inhibited. Future research needs to focus on longitudinal designs to disentangle the direction of effects and more typically employ a broader assessment of sleep paralysis that better captures associated features such as hallucinations, fear, and distress. In terms of objective measurements, the limited literature to date shows sleep paralysis to be a вЂњmixedвЂќ state of consciousness, combining elements of rapid eye movement sleep with elements of wakefulness. Associations between sleep paralysis and other unusual and/or threatening sleep experiences such as nightmares, exploding head syndrome, and lucid dreaming have been reported. In addition, insomnia symptoms (but not a diagnosed insomnia disorder) have also been found to predict sleep paralysis. In terms of subjective sleep variables, worse sleep quality has been found in multiple studies to be associated with increased odds of sleep paralysis occurrence. The aim of this work was to review the existing literature pertaining to the relationship sleep paralysis has to sleep more generally, measured both with subjective questionnaires and objective laboratory recordings. Currently little is known about the experience, despite the fact that the vast majority of episodes are associated with extreme fear and in a minority of cases can lead to clinically significant levels of distress. Sleep paralysis is the unusual experience of waking up in the night without the ability to move.

Was the differets between the night mare and night terraer